Altered state of consciousness

An altered state of consciousness (ASC) refers to a significant change in what is considered a normal waking state, affecting perception, cognition, and self-awareness. The concept, explored in psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy, has historical roots in early religious practices and shamanic traditions. Various methods can induce ASCs, including pharmacological (e.g., cannabis, LSD) and non-pharmacological (e.g., meditation, hypnosis) means. The study of ASCs offers insights into mental health treatment, the understanding of consciousness, and has cultural and social implications in religious and healing practices.

Definitions and Theories of Altered States of Consciousness

• Various definitions exist in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience.
• Arnold M. Ludwig, Charles Tart, and Farthing provided early definitions.
• Schmidt’s recent definition emphasizes variability in experiences.
• ASCs involve changes in perception, cognition, and self-awareness.
• Studied in psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy for understanding.

Historical Perspectives and Utilization of Altered States

• Humans used ASCs as early as 30,000 years ago.
• Early religious practices like yoga and meditation involved ASCs.
• Shamanic traditions and psychedelic mushrooms linked to ASCs.
• Rediscovery of meditation for therapeutic potential.
• ASCs pathologized but later accepted due to social changes.

Classification and Induction Methods of Altered States

• ASCs classified into sleep, waking, and pathological states.
• Induced ASCs include pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and other methods.
• Various researchers propose classification schemes based on induction methods.
• Pharmacological methods involve drugs like cannabis, MDMA, and LSD.
• Non-pharmacological methods include fasting, meditation, and hypnosis.

Neurobiological Models and Effects of Altered States

• Entropic Brain Hypothesis distinguishes primary and secondary consciousness.
• Pharmacological induction of psychedelic substances transitions brain states.
• CSTC-loop model explains sensory and cognitive info processing.
• Synthetic surprise concept relates to altered consciousness by psychedelics.
• ASCs linked to changes in brain activity and neurotransmitters.

Cultural, Social, and Practical Implications of Altered States

• ASCs have cultural and social significance in religious and healing practices.
• Cross-cultural studies reveal variations in ASC experiences and beliefs.
• ASC research has implications for mental health treatment and therapy.
• Understanding cultural contexts is essential for a comprehensive view of ASCs.
• Studying ASCs can improve understanding of consciousness and cognition.

Altered state of consciousness Data Sources